Our lives are governed by various psychological models that control how we react to ourselves, our environment and the events that happen to us. Cognitive errors are thought patterns that affect our perception of reality and ability to make decisions. Cognitive errors inherent in our thinking can lead us to make irrational decisions, misinterpret information, and draw incorrect conclusions. Which can cause negative emotions and affect our daily lives. One example of a cognitive error is “black and white thinking,” where we categorize everything as “good” or “bad,” ignoring the variety of shades in between. This can lead to incorrect conclusions, such as the idea that if we have made a mistake, then we are failures in general. Another example could be "filtering", where we ignore positive facts and focus only on negative ones. This can lead to feelings of helplessness and distrust in our abilities. However, understanding our cognitive errors can help us make more rational decisions and more adequately perceive the surrounding reality. What kind of science studies these errors? Cognitive psychology. It studies how we perceive, process and remember information. Everyone makes cognitive errors; some are minor, others can have serious consequences. Understanding the reasons behind these errors is critical to minimizing their impact on our lives. Research in cognitive psychology has shown that people tend to make cognitive errors for a variety of reasons. These reasons may include biases, heuristics, and inadequate information processing. Bias can arise from a desire for consistency, social influence, or a desire to achieve a certain outcome. Heuristics are rules of thumb that are used to make decisions and can lead to biased judgments. Inadequate information processing, on the other hand, occurs due to limitations in attention, memory, and reasoning ability. All of these factors can contribute to cognitive errors, so it is important to be aware of them to minimize their impact on the decision-making process. Let's start by understanding the main cognitive errors:1. Selective perception - we tend to notice and remember only that information that corresponds to our ideas and beliefs.2. Confirmation Bias: This bias is where we seek information and confirmation only to confirm our beliefs, rather than to obtain quality information to make decisions. At the same time, we tend to ignore information that contradicts our beliefs.3. False Evidence Effect - We tend to trust the opinions of other people even if they have no experience or knowledge.4. The effect of Illusory Attraction - we may be inclined to evaluate events based on our emotions, desires and hopes, rather than an objective analysis.5. Availability effect - information that is easily accessible will be more meaningful to us than information that is difficult to remember.6. Hindsight Bias: The tendency to view events as more predictable than they actually were after they happened.7. Overgeneralization: Drawing broad conclusions from limited examples or anecdotal evidence.8. Black and white thinking: The belief that something is either completely good or completely bad, and the inability to recognize the nuances in between.9. Emotional Reasoning: Allowing emotions to drive our interpretation of reality rather than relying on factual evidence.10. Self-serving bias: The tendency to attribute success to one's own abilities and efforts and to blame failure on external factors.11. Quick selection. This mistake occurs when we make decisions quickly without properly analyzing the information.