In psychoanalysis, there is a well-known typology in which people are divided into psychotics, borderline people and neurotics. In this story, we will clearly examine how such a division occurs, so that in the future everyone can competently use this typology. NEUROSESThe key thing in neuroticism is the tension from conflict within one environment. For such an environment we can take anything: a person, a family, a state, or any other system that we take as a whole. In the case when there is a conflict within such a system between two vectors of force, this system is in tension. The process of such tension is neurosis. In the context of human psychology, a neurotic process can be, for example, the result of a conflict of desires. Habitual beliefs can direct a person along one path, and new desires that run counter to habitual beliefs can incline a person to another path. Such a crossroads will cause tension - neurosis. Another example of neurosis is the tension from the conflict between the pressure of emotion and the control of self-expression. When an emotion arises inside us, but we don’t notice it, ignore it, devalue it or hold it back, we don’t express it correctly, it creates pressure inside us (neurosis) and comes out as a symptom. In case of suppression of emotion, symptoms can be: emotional disorders (panic attack , irritability, mania, depression, etc.), psychosomatics (headache, arthritis, stomach ulcers, cardiac arrhythmia, etc.), errors in everyday life (slips of the tongue, misspellings, mishearings, misspellings, forgetting and other “accidental” actions).Now, understanding the essence of neurosis, and reading the thoughts of different authors about it, we can pay attention to what kind of conflict each of them considers, so as not to get confused in ideas and make a more correct diagnosis. Examples Freud: conflict of sexual desires and moral values. Nevotic symptoms - distorted output of sexual energy (Id). Jung: conflict of incompatible experiences; the part of the personality that is oppositional to the conscious splits off: dissociation (it’s not me) / projection (it’s them). Neurotic symptoms are manifestations of split-off parts (Shadows). Adler: the conflict between one’s current social failure and the desire for social superiority. Neurotic symptoms are compensation for one’s social inferiority. In addition, some authors talk not just about a separate neurotic manifestation, but about the neurotic organization of the psyche. This refers to a complex (bundle) of manifestations, which in their totality create a certain human psychology (the character of a neurotic). Example Tehke (briefly): Perception of other people as individual personalities (separate, not belonging to me and not obligated to fulfill my desires). This leads to the understanding that the love of others for oneself is not a self-evident thing, it must be earned somehow. The need for emotional intimacy with the object of love. Leads to the search for ways to please him for the sake of his love. Absorption of qualities that our love object regards as acceptable to us, as an option to please the love object. Leads to a renunciation of one’s identity. A conflict between one’s identity and the qualities that our love object wants to see in us. It leads to inhibition of our natural development and a certain amount of autonomy. For a pre-teen child, this development of events is the norm. The child is defenseless, this forces him to feel the need for parental love and to obey them for the sake of this love. A side effect of obedience is that children learn certain norms of behavior in society, including those that ensure their safety. For a teenager, the need for parental care (mainly semantic care - ready-made answers about how to live correctly) is normal gradually loses its relevance. Biological maturation contributes to the development of abstract-logical thinking in a teenager, based on which he is able to see himself from the outside, analyze the situation andmake the best decision regarding yourself. This contributes to the separation of the teenager from his parents (mainly semantic), which the parents themselves can block by manipulating emotions and maintaining the teenager’s semantic dependence on themselves (they prevent his semantic emancipation, do not allow him to learn to make his own decisions regarding his life) Then, the teenager remains in the neurotic organization of the psyche. He sacrifices his development (in some area, sabotaging it) for the sake of maintaining emotional relationships with parents or other objects of his emotional dependencies. Conclusion We often encounter internal contradictions. They are different, and cause different problems as a result of the tension from the conflict itself. Our task is to learn to notice them, analyze them and get out of them in favor of ourselves, removing the contradiction and resolving the conflict. How it is, in favor of himself - everyone decides for himself. A key indicator of the right choice will be the courage to take responsibility for the consequences of your decision. Sometimes, neurosis goes beyond the level of ordinary manifestation to the level of disorder. In this case, we should turn to a specialist for help, since we ourselves become unable to unravel this tangle of internal conflicts. BORDERLINE PROBLEMS The key thing about borderline issues is the precariousness, instability, variability, unreliability of any environment or system. In the context of human psychology, we can observe borderliness , for example, in beliefs and values, desires, understanding the meaning of life, living through frustrations, behavior and self-expression, self-care, attitude towards oneself and others. A frequent problem of the agric person is that when one part of the manifestation is out of balance, it, like a domino, affects to other parts, causing the remaining spheres to crumble. For example, when the nervous system of a choleric person reactively evokes emotion in him in response to frustration, then we are talking about a borderline emotional state - at this moment his emotional sphere is unstable. At the same time, such a sharp A surge of emotions often causes thoughtless manifestation in other areas: a person can abruptly break off relations with a partner, change his plans, lose self-esteem, harm himself, etc. It is this kind of borderline disorder that Marsha Linehan writes about in her book. Cognitive theories consider the instability of thinking and its influence, like the first domino, on other areas. For example, frequent changes in values ​​lead to changes in emotions, attitudes towards people, ways of achieving one’s goals, etc. Thus, observing the instability of several spheres at the same time, it is first worth determining which sphere crumbles first. This is where we need to start working in the future. In addition, some authors talk not just about borderline manifestations, but consider the borderline organization of the psyche (a set of certain manifestations that describe the borderline character of a person). Example: McWilliams (briefly). There is no stable attitude to yourself (I am sometimes good, sometimes bad). Perception of only that part of reality that a person can cope with. A person avoids contact with the remaining, unbearable parts, using defense mechanisms for this (for example, splitting, projection). Able to notice his role in the problem (unlike a psychotic according to McWilliams), but not able to emotionally withstand it (unlike a neurotic according to McWilliams), - from which he slides into emotional instability. Functionally dependent on the parental figure (the one who takes care of him). The last point means that a person is unable to function independently - to satisfy his need, which he already needs be able to satisfy based on their biological development and social expectations. For example, an adult is expected that, if necessary, he will be able to feed himself, earn money, make his own choices, support himself emotionally, etc. The borderline here is that he depends on another person for those things in which other people are no longer obliged to help him. This putshim in a precarious position. Whether they will help him this time or not, he probably doesn’t know. Conclusion Borderline is instability, the likelihood of losing balance. Borderline manifestation may well be combined with neuroticism. For example, a person may lose self-control as a result of tension from internal conflict. Or, the borderline may occupy one area (example: relationship with a partner), and the neurotic - another (example: relationship with a parent). The way out of the borderline, in general terms, is to notice your unsteadiness and level it in the right direction. Borderline pathology can be more serious. For example, as a result of emotional instability, when a person is overwhelmed with affects and finds it difficult to control the expression of his emotions. Then we talk about borderline disorder. And here we already need the help of a specialist who would help us learn to level out our state. PSYCHOTIC The key thing in psychosis is the closedness of the system in the internal environment, provided that there is an external environment that is able to come into contact with the system and influence it. For example, in In Edwin Abbott's novel Flatland we see fictional worlds of geometric shapes. There is a one-dimensional world where only points and lines exist. There is a two-dimensional world where points and lines turn into flat figures. There is a three-dimensional world where flat two-dimensional figures turn into three-dimensional three-dimensional figures. Here, each world is a continuation of the previous one and its development. So, one-dimensional figures, closed in their one-dimensional space, for two-dimensional figures are in a psychotic state, since the inhabitants of the one-dimensional world are not able to see and understand the two-dimensional world, which objectively exists and influences on them. The same applies to the inhabitants of the two-dimensional world in relation to the three-dimensional one. In the context of human psychology, a psychotic manifestation is a loss from part of reality. A person lives in his subjective mental representation of objective reality. That is, for example, when we look at our ex, we don’t really see her. We see a mental image that is generated in our brain, based on information collected by visual analyzers (eyes) and a program for converting this information. So, the more accurately the image in our head corresponds to objective reality, the more correctly we will be able to interact with this reality. Well, an error in the brain’s reflection of objective reality can be considered a psychotic error. In more extreme cases, a person can live among hallucinations, believing that this is objective reality (let’s call this state psychosis). In less extreme cases, a person may simply not notice, ignore, devalue, or distort the obvious things that objectively surround him. And the greater the degree of unconsciousness of such a process of detachment from reality, the deeper the immersion in the psychotic. It is worth paying attention to individual symptoms that we can evaluate as psychotic. For example, let's take the state of ego identity. This is the concept of E. Erikson. Means identity with oneself. This means that a person grows, matures, changes, but inside him remains the awareness that, despite all these changes, He is still Him, and not someone else. In other words, this is a feeling of one’s integrity, regardless of internal and external changes. The psychotic psyche questions its existence in principle. Such a person doubts that he is alive and real. Also, his perception of himself may be mosaic (I am this and that, but all this does not add up to a whole picture). For comparison and a better understanding of the situation, let’s consider other possible states of ego identity. The borderline psyche understands that it is alive , but does not feel whole, identical to itself, regardless of the changes that occur (either I am good or I am bad). The neurotic psyche feels whole, but is not capable of change, since it is a hostage to habitual, learned ways of existence.